Phytophthora megakarya

Phytophthora megakarya was first designated as the species P. palmivora MF3 ( Griffin, 1977) or P. palmivora L type and was described in 1979 as causing a ...

hybrid cocoa genotypes with Phytophthora megakarya. The results of heterosis and heterobeltiosis The results of heterosis and heterobeltiosis exhibited hybrid vigor of 86.66 and 85%, respectively.2023年7月21日 ... Andrews YA, Ishmael AA, Michael A, Eric KA. 2015. Black pod disease on cocoa (Theobroma cocoa, L.) in Ghana: spread of Phytophthora megakarya ...Jan 15, 2021 · Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora cause black pod rot of cacao. P. megakarya occurs in Africa while P. palmivora is distributed world-wide. P. palmivora has a higher temperature ... Phytophthora megakarya is an increasingly important invasive pathogen of cocoa in West Africa, where it forms part of the black‐pod disease complex together with the more widespread, but less aggressive, P. palmivora. Its purported centre of diversity, based on evidence from molecular studies and mating types, lies on the Cameroon-Nigeria border, from where it has spread throughout both ...Phytophthora megakarya appears to be confined to West Africa (Zentmeyer, 1987), where it is the most common species of Phytophthora causing black pod disease of cocoa. Theobroma cacao (cocoa) is ...Phytophthora Megakarya. Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While P. palmivora is a cosmopolitan pathogen, P. megakarya, which is more aggressive on cacao than P. palmivora, has been reported …Phytophthora megakarya appears to be confined to West Africa (Zentmeyer, 1987), where it is the most common species of Phytophthora causing black pod disease of cocoa. Theobroma cacao (cocoa) is indigenous to the New World and ranges from southern Mexico in the north to Brazil and Bolivia in the south. The centre of origin is considered to be ...In Cameroon, Phytophthora megakarya is the causal agent of black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao L). Primary inoculum of P. megakarya is located in the soil. With the onset of the rainy season, this primary inoculum is activated and through rain splash cacao pods become infected. From there repeated cycles of pod infection, sporulation, spore ...

1.. IntroductionBlack pod disease is a major constraint to the cocoa production in West Africa (Flood et al., 2004).In Cameroon, various species of Phytophthora exist but the most prevalent and aggressive one is Phytophthora megakarya (Nyassé, 1997).Losses can reach up to 100% of the cocoa production in smallholders' plantations when no control measures are taken (Despréaux et al., 1988 ...Identification of Theobroma cacao genes differentially expressed during Phytophthora megakarya infection . × Close Log In. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. or. Email. Password. Remember me on this computer. or reset password. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? ...Phytophthora megakarya in nurseries. The results showed that heat-treated oyster shells powder at 1% (w/w) soil amendment significantly increased plant height, leaf number, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight more than chemical fungicide and control treatment after twelve weeks of growth. ThePhytophthora megakarya is an important pathogen of cocoa in Africa. We used isozyme and RAPD markers to estimate the genetic diversity and structuring among 161 isolates, from the known distribution area of the fungus which corresponds to the cocoa belt in Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Sao Tome.On the other end, several genome assemblies had high repeat content, namely, P. megakarya, Phytophthora hibernalis, and Phytophthora pinifolia contained 32.94, 32.46, and 33.00%, …Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the most economically important disease on cacao globally.While P. palmivora is a cosmopolitan pathogen, P. megakarya, which is more aggressive on cacao than P. palmivora, has been reported only in West and Central …

Phytophthora megakarya plugs from 3-days preculture was placed at the centre of V8 agar plate. The antimicrobial activities were done according to the method describe by Vinale et al. (2006). The crude organic extract was diluted in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) at the concentration ranging from 25 to 100μg/ml/l/ and 10μl of each concentration ...The only economically important host of Phytophthora megakarya Brasier & Griffin is Theobroma cacao. The pathogen is one of several Phytophthora species causing black pod disease of cacao. Isolates of P. megakarya were grouped taxonomically with P. palmivora isolates until 1979, when it was recognized as a new species (Brasier and …Aug 1, 2018 · In Cameroon, Phytophthora megakarya is the causal agent of black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao L). Primary inoculum of P. megakarya is located in the soil. With the onset of the rainy season, this primary inoculum is activated and through rain splash cacao pods become infected. Disease progression. To study the responses of a resistant and a susceptible cacao genotypes to inoculation with Phytophthora megakarya zoospores, young plants were spray inoculated with zoospores or with distilled water as a control. Our strategy was to capture gene expression profiles in the very early stages of infection, to identify disease …

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Phytophthora megakarya only occurs in countries in West and Central Africa [3], yet since West and Central Africa produce around 70% of all cocoa beans worldwide, its economic impact is considerable. In Cameroon, cocoa black pod rot is only due to P. megakarya and losses can reach up to 80-90% when plantations are poorly managed [4, 5].In other studies, orthologues of NEP1 gene were cloned and characterized in Phytophthora megakarya; indicating that it is a fungal agent for black pod disease in Theobroma cacao (cacao). After observing the necrotic lesions in cacao leaves sprayed with NEP1 (Bae et al. , 2005) for 10 days, the constitutive expression of this protein was noted.Black pod disease is caused by several species of Phytophthora. In Cameroon, the disease is mainly due to Phytophtora megakarya. The pathogen attacks cocoa pods and can lead to almost total production losses in a plot if no control measures are applied. To control the disease, several research programmes are being conducted: …54 the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora spp. Two of the several species of the black pod 55 pathogen namely P. palmivora and P. megakarya have been identified as the causal agent of the 56 disease in Nigeria. P. palmivora (less than 20% distribution) and P. megakarya (over 80% 57 distribution) occur on cacao in Nigeria (3, 6 …In Cameroon Phytophthora megakarya species is the most virulent pathogen of Theobroma cacao L. Cocoa black pod is a disease caused by Phytophthora, a genus in the oomyceta responsible of the most serious and economically important plant diseases. In Cameroon Phytophthora megakarya species is the most virulent pathogen of Theobroma cacao L.

Phytophthora parasitica is a soilborne pathogen with a wide range of host plants and represents most species in the genus Phytophthora. In this review, we present some recent progress of P. parasitica research by highlighting important features that make it emerge as a model species of oomycete pathogens. The emerged model pathogen will ...Studying spatial and temporal plant disease dynamics helps us to understand pathogen dispersal processes and improve disease control recommendations. In this study, three cacao plots devoid of primary inoculum of Phytophthora megakarya (causal agent of cacao black pod rot disease) upon establishment in 2006 were monitored for presence of …Kajian Kitosan Sebagai Agens Pengendali Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao (Phytophthora megakarya L.) ...In P. megakarya we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of Phytophthora genome sizes, as ...Phytophthora megakarya Brasier & Griffin, is one of the Oomycete pathogens reported on Theobroma cacao, and it is the most virulent of the Phytophthora species that causes black pod disease.Phytophthora megakarya was first reported as the causal agent of black pod disease in 1979 after the reclassification of Phytophthora species recovered from infected cacao tissues.Among the Phytophthora species that cause black pod of cacao, P. megakarya is the most virulent, posing a serious threat to cacao production in Africa. Correct identification of the species causing the black pod and understanding the virulence factors involved are important for developing sustainable disease management strategies.Phytophthora species are highly destructive plant pathogens and pose a significant threat to plants in various ecosystems, including agriculture, forest plantations, and natural environments. In sub-Saharan Africa, a total of 77 Phytophthora species have been identified and this review aims to provide an overview of the species diversity and progress of Phytophthora research in this region.Phytophthora megakarya, pathoge ` ne du cacaoyer au Cameroun. The `se de. doctorat Montpellier SupAgro. 186 p. 54. Akrofi AY, Appiah AA, Opoku IY (2003) Management of Phytophthora pod rot.PDF | On Mar 20, 2015, W. L. Nana and others published In-vitro Fungitoxic Effect of Cold and Hot Water Extracts of Three Ocimum Species on Fungi Causing Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) Root ...Black pod disease is caused by several species of Phytophthora. In Cameroon, the disease is mainly due to Phytophtora megakarya. The pathogen attacks cocoa pods and can lead to almost total ...Phytophthora megakarya only occurs in countries in West and Central Africa [3], yet since West and Central Africa produce around 70% of all cocoa beans worldwide, its economic impact is considerable. In Cameroon, cocoa black pod rot is only due to P. megakarya and losses can reach up to 80-90% when plantations are poorly managed [4, 5].

Phytophthora megakarya was more aggressive than P. palmivora on attached SCA-6 pods, causing expanding necrotic lesions with or without wounding. Phytophthora megakarya is predominant in the Volta region of Ghana and it remains to be seen whether it can displace P. palmivora from cacao plantations of Ghana as it has in Nigeria and Cameroon.

1. Introduction. Diseases caused by species of oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora are responsible for substantial losses in the worldwide production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) [].Among the most prevalent species, P. palmivora (E. J. Butler) affects cocoa plantations globally, while P. megakarya (Brasier and Griffin), which occurs only in Africa, affects the production of this cultivar.Phytophthora megakarya et Phytophthora palmivora. Ces Oomycètes sont responsables d'une perte de production qui s'élève à plus de 80 %. Afin de mieux lutter contre la maladie, il estMolecular and morphological identification of Phytophthora species based on the types and other well-authenticated specimens. IDphy was developed to facilitate accurate and efficient identification of Phytophthora to species, using type specimens from the original descriptions for reference wherever possible.IDphy emphasizes species of high economic impact and species of regulatory concern for ...Molecular and morphological identification of Phytophthora species based on the types and other well-authenticated specimens. IDphy was developed to facilitate accurate and efficient identification of Phytophthora to species, using type specimens from the original descriptions for reference wherever possible.IDphy emphasizes species of high …The negative control using sterile distilled water showed no inhibitory effect on Phytophthora megakarya while 41.00 mm zone of clearance was observed in the positive control test using Metalaxyl ...Objective: The in vitro and in vivo effects of seed extracts of Thevetia peruviana (Apocynaceae) on the growth and the germination of spores of Phytophthora megakarya causal agent of black pod of cocoa was evaluated. Methodology and results: Five extracts obtained by soxhlet apparatus (extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and aqueous extract) were used.Phytophthora megakarya is restricted to Cameroon, Nigeria, Togo, and Ghana, causing about 10 percent crop loss. Phytophthora capsici parasitizes cocoa in Central and South America. It is the predominant cause of pod rot in Brazil where it is less aggressive than Phytophthora palmivora. Phytophthora citrophthora also attacks TO PHYTOPHTHORA MEGAKARYA, IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCE OF CAMEROON SUMMARY Black pod rot of cocoa is a disease that causes significant losses, in the region of 50% of total production in CameroonPhytophthora megakarya Taxonomy ID: 4795 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid4795) current name. Phytophthora megakarya. type material of Phytophthora megakarya: ATCC:42100, CBS:238.83, IMI:202077. NCBI BLAST name: downy mildews Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard)INTRODUCTION Phytophthora megakarya, causing cacao black pod disease in West and Central Africa is the most virulent of the Phytophthora species reported on cacao (Theobroma cacao) (Cilas and Despereaux, 2004, Ali et al., 2016). In Cameroon, P. megakarya is a major production constraint and losses can easily reach 80-90% when no control measures are taken (Nyassé, 1997, Ndoumbè Nkeng, 2002).

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1.. IntroductionSeveral Phytophthora species, including P. megakarya Brasier and Griffin, P. palmivora (Butl.) Butler, P. citrophthora (R.H. Sm. and E. Sm.) Leonian, and P. capsici Leonian, attack the tropical tree Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) causing black pod disease. Symptoms include seedling blights, stem cankers, and pod …Phytophthora megakarya and its potential to promote cacao growth and induce biochemical defence, Mycology, DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1300199Background. Phytophthora (Mont.) de Bary is a large genus of the oomycete class with more than 80 species [] that attacks cultivated plant species [2, 3].This genus shares several biochemical and structural features with plants and algae. These include, mitochondrial ridges, the presence of β-1,3 and β-1,6 glucans and the absence of chitin in the cell wall, and the synthesis of lysine via ...The only economically important host of Phytophthora megakarya Brasier & Griffin is Theobroma cacao. The pathogen is one of several Phytophthora species causing black pod disease of cacao. Isolates of P. megakarya were grouped taxonomically with P. palmivora isolates until 1979, when it was recognized as a new species (Brasier and …Phytophthora megakarya has transferred to cocoa from an original host thought (from epidemiological considerations) to be found in the forest zone of Cameroon/Nigeria, and surveys arePhytophthora megakarya est responsable de la pourriture brune qui ravage le cacaoyer en Afrique, mettant en peril la production mondiale de cacao. Cet agent pathogene endemique a l'Afrique y a probablement emerge suite a l'introduction du cacaoyer au 19e siecle. L'hypothese la plus probable est celle d'un saut d'hote a partir d'une plante ...The species is listed as an alternative host for Phytophthora palmivora and P. megakarya in Ghana, both causing the black seed pod disease in cocoa trees (Opoku et al., 2002). Although there was no evidence of an increase of infection on the cocoa trees near the F. elastica trees, the authors suggest that further studies are needed to assess ...(A) Black pod rot symptoms by P. megakarya and P. palmivora. (B) Approximate geographical distribution of P. megakarya (yellow area) and P. palmivora (blue area). (C) Clock-calibrated phylogenetic tree with estimated times of divergence and WGD duplication events in P. palmivora and P. megakarya in million years ago, with numbers of families expanded and contracted across multiple Phytophtora ... ….

Abstract. Indonesia is a cocoa producing country with production of 425 thousand tons per year. However, production continues to decline, among others, caused by Phytopthora megakarya cause of ...those of unknown sources constituted 19.0%. Phytophthora megakarya was frequently isolated from all the three sources of canker infections, indicating P. megakarya readily causes stem canker on cocoa.(From Brasier and Griffin, 1979).P. megakarya is a member of Group II of Phytophthora, as defined by Stamps et al. (1990).It produces caducous papillate sporangia, is heterothallic and antheridia are amphigynous.Sporangia are limoniform, obpyriform or ellipsoid with rounded bases, varying from 20-60 x 13-41 µm, with a length-breadth ratio of 1.2-1.6, and are formed in a sympodium.most damaging agent, Phytophthora megakarya, is found only in West Africa (20,22,27). Two other new encounter pathogens, CSSV and Oncobasidium theobromae, as well as one that may have coevolved with cacao, Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, also have limited ranges (5,18,41). Safe movement of cacao germplasm. The safe movement ofThe main disease caused by P. megakarya is black pod disease of cacao. P. megakarya is primarily known for the damage it causes to the cacao pod, but it is known to subsist on roots (Gregory et al., 1984) and can cause dieback of seedlings (Bowers et al., 2001). Since all Phytophthora spp. causing black pod disease of cacao in Africa were classified as P. palmivora prior to 1979 (Brasier and ...2018年10月12日 ... (2008). Bioassay of five trichoderma strains against Phytophthora megakarya (Cacao pod-rot) in Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essays, 3(9), ...Phytophthora megakarya is a plant pathogen that causes black pod disease in cocoa trees in West and Central Africa. This pathogen can cause detrimental loss of yield in the economically important cocoa industry. It can damage any part of the tree, causing a wide range in the reduction of yield. A mixture of chemical and cultural controls are ...In vitro Antifungal Potential of Aqueous Seeds Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Thevetia peruviana against Phytophthora megakarya in CameroonMany Phytophthora species have a soil borne phase in their natural life cycles even though disease expression often occurs on aerial plant parts. In Cameroon, black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), is caused by P. megakarya. Primary inoculum ofminipile genus Phytophthora (Kroon et al., 2004; Tyler et al., 2006) is the most common disease of cacao causing global yield losses estimated at 30% (Guest, 2007). In Cameroon, the most widespread species is Phytophthora megakarya Brassier & Griffin (Mfegue, 2012), which is endemic to West Africa and present in Phytophthora megakarya, [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1], [text-1-1]